Learners would have had to simply memorize which word goes with which gender. ![]() Old English grammatical gender was, as in other Germanic languages, remarkably opaque, that is, one often could not know the gender of a noun by its meaning or by the form of the word this was especially true for nouns referencing inanimate objects. Moreover, the third-person personal pronouns, as well as interrogative and relative pronouns, were chosen according to the grammatical gender of their antecedent. Also the nouns themselves followed different declension patterns depending on their gender. Determiners and attributive adjectives showed gender inflection in agreement with the noun they modified. Old English had a system of grammatical gender similar to that of modern German, with three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. Certain traditional feminine forms of nouns (such as authoress and poetess) are also increasingly avoided, with the male form of such nouns ( author and poet) having become gender-neutral. ![]() This applies in particular to the 21st-century avoidance of the default generic he when referring to a person of unknown gender in favor of the neuter they as a third-person singular. Some aspects of gender usage in English have been influenced by the push towards a preference for gender-neutral language. Also, in some cases, feminine pronouns are used by some speakers when referring to ships (and more uncommonly some airplanes and analogous machinery), to churches, and to nation states and islands. ![]() ![]() Modern English lacks grammatical gender in the sense of all noun classes requiring masculine, feminine, or neuter inflection or agreement however, it does retain features relating to natural gender with particular nouns and pronouns (such as woman, daughter, husband, uncle, he and she) to refer specifically to persons or animals of one or other sexes and neuter pronouns (such as it) for sexless objects. A system of grammatical gender, whereby every noun was treated as either masculine, feminine, or neuter, existed in Old English, but fell out of use during the Middle English period therefore, Modern English largely does not have grammatical gender.
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